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1.
Vaccine ; 40(45): 6489-6498, 2022 Oct 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2042194

ABSTRACT

The rapid spread of COVID-19 on all continents and the mortality induced by SARS-CoV-2 virus, the cause of the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has motivated an unprecedented effort for vaccine development. Inactivated viruses as well as vaccines focused on the partial or total sequence of the Spike protein using different novel platforms such us RNA, DNA, proteins, and non-replicating viral vectors have been developed. The high global need for vaccines, now and in the future, and the emergence of new variants of concern still requires development of accessible vaccines that can be adapted according to the most prevalent variants in the respective regions. Here, we describe the immunogenic properties of a group of theoretically predicted RBD peptides to be used as the first step towards the development of an effective, safe and low-cost epitope-focused vaccine. One of the tested peptides named P5, proved to be safe and immunogenic. Subcutaneous administration of the peptide, formulated with alumina, induced high levels of specific IgG antibodies in mice and hamsters, as well as an increase of IFN-γ expression by CD8+ T cells in C57 and BALB/c mice upon in vitro stimulation with P5. Neutralizing titers of anti-P5 antibodies, however, were disappointingly low, a deficiency that we will attempt to resolve by the inclusion of additional immunogenic epitopes to P5. The safety and immunogenicity data reported in this study support the use of this peptide as a starting point for the design of an epitope restricted vaccine.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Viral Vaccines , Cricetinae , Humans , Mice , Animals , SARS-CoV-2 , Epitopes , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics , COVID-19 Vaccines , COVID-19/prevention & control , Antibodies, Viral , Immunoglobulin G , Peptides , RNA , Aluminum Oxide , Antibodies, Neutralizing
2.
Global Health ; 18(1): 19, 2022 02 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1702516

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: In the past decade, there has been increasing guideline development for short-term medical missions (STMMs) traveling from high-income to low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of supporting health care services. The ethics of STMMs is criticized in the literature and there is frequently a lack of host country collaboration. This typically results in guidelines which are developed through the lens of the sending (high-income) countries' staff and organizations. The aim of this paper is to evaluate an existing best practice guideline document from the perspective of host country participants with knowledge of STMMs from Honduras, Malawi, and the Philippines. METHODS: The guideline used for the evaluation consisted of nine best practice elements that were discerned based on literature and the experience of those working within the field. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in a cross-sectional study with participants (n = 118) from the host countries. Thematic analysis was conducted by two researchers and the results were assessed by working group members to confirm interpretations of the data. RESULTS: Overall, participants expressed a strong interest in having more structured guidance surrounding STMM practices. There was a positive response to and general acceptance of the proposed STMM guidelines, although participants found the 24-page document onerous to use; a companion checklist was developed. The key themes that emerged from the interviews included collaboration and coordination, care for hard-to-reach communities, capacity building, critical products and essential medical supplies, and opportunity and feasibility. CONCLUSIONS: Host input suggests that the guidelines provide structured regulation and coordination of the medical mission process and have the potential to improve the way STMMs are carried out. The guidelines have also proven to be a useful tool for the actual implementation of STMMs and can be a tool to strengthen links and trust between mission teams and local health staff. However, local contexts vary considerably, and guidelines must be adapted for local use. It is recommended that STMM teams work in conjunction with host partners to ensure they meet local needs, increase capacity development of local health workers, and provide continuity of care for patients into the local system.


ANTECEDENTES: En la última década, ha habido un incremento en el desarrollo de guías para las misiones médicas de corto plazo (STMM) que viajan desde países de ingresos altos a países en vías de desarrollo con el fin de apoyar los servicios de atención médica. La ética de las (STMM) es criticada en la literatura y hay una falta frecuente de colaboración entre los países anfitriones. Esto normalmente da como resultado directrices que se desarrollan a través de la lente del personal y las organizaciones de los países que envían (países de altos ingresos). El objetivo de este documento es evaluar un documento guía de mejores prácticas existente desde la perspectiva de los participantes del país anfitrión con conocimiento de las misiones médicas de corto plazo (STMM) de Honduras, Malawi y Filipinas. MéTODOS: la directriz utilizada para la evaluación consistió en nueve elementos de mejores prácticas que se discernieron en base a la literatura y la experiencia de quienes trabajan en el campo. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas en un estudio transversal con participantes (n = 118) de los países anfitriones. El análisis temático fue realizado por dos investigadores y los resultados fueron evaluados por miembros del grupo de trabajo para confirmar las interpretaciones de los datos. RESULTADOS: En general, los participantes expresaron un gran interés en tener una guía más estructurada en torno a las prácticas de las misiones médicas de corto plazo (STMM). Hubo una respuesta positiva y una aceptación general de las pautas de las misiones médicas de corto plazo (STMM) propuestos, aunque los participantes encontraron oneroso el uso del documento de 24 páginas y se desarrolló una lista de verificación complementaria. Los temas clave que surgieron de las entrevistas incluyeron colaboración y coordinación, atención a comunidades de difícil acceso, desarrollo de capacidades, productos críticos y suministros médicos esenciales, y oportunidad y viabilidad. CONCLUSIONES: Los comentarios del anfitrión sugieren que las directrices proporcionan una regulación y coordinación estructuradas del proceso de la misión médica y tienen el potencial de mejorar la forma en que se llevan a cabo las misiones médicas de corto plazo (STMM). Las pautas también han demostrado ser una herramienta útil para la implementación real de de las misiones médicas de corto plazo (STMM) y pueden servir para fortalecer los vínculos y la confianza entre los equipos de misión y los sistemas de salud locales. Sin embargo, los contextos locales varían considerablemente y las pautas deben adaptarse para el uso local. Se recomienda que los equipos de las misiones médicas de corto plazo (STMM) trabajen en conjunto con los socios anfitriones para garantizar que satisfagan las necesidades locales, aumenten el desarrollo de la capacidad de los trabajadores de salud locales y brinden continuidad de atención a los pacientes en el sistema local.


Subject(s)
Medical Missions , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Malawi , Organizations , Philippines
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